Definition Of A Genetic Disease - 2946 Words

November 18, 2014 MBBB 493 Written Report The definition of a genetic disease given by medicalnet.com is â€Å"any disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s genome†(Mednet, 2014). Usually, the abnormality can be caused by a small mutation in the DNA gene or an â€Å"entire set of chromosomes†. There are four different types of inheritance for genetic disease, which are: Single Gene Inheritance, Multifactorial inheritance, Chromosomal Abnormalities, and Mitochondrial Inheritance. Some examples of the single gene inheritance would include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease all of which mutations have occurred in a single gene in the DNA. â€Å"Cystic Fibrosis affects cells that produce mucus and digestive juices which in result turns these cells into thick cells which clog up air pathways in the lungs and pancreas† (MayoClinic, 2012). Currently, there is no cure for CF but there are treatments given to patients that improve their health. â€Å"Mo st patients with CF carry the F508del CFTR mutation, which causes defective CFTR protein folding and processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in minimal amounts of CFTR at the cell surface† (Pubmed, 2011). One way to treat the F508 mutation is to fix it with small molecules such as using VX-809, which is the corrector to treat cystic fibrosis. â€Å"In cultured human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from patients with CF homozygous for F508del, VX-809 improved F508del-CFTR processing in theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Genetics: The Concept of Epistasis1024 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious human diseases (Nagel 2005). An example of such human disease is the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a severe disease causing brain degeneration, strongly affecting memory. Recently, the focus on the study of epistasis has been enhanced as it has been acknowledged that the study of gene interaction is crucial for further understanding complex diseases. The concept of Epistasis There are two major definitions aiming to explain the concept of epistasis: William Batesons’ definition (1909) of compositionalRead MoreGenetic Markers : A Genetic Marker1641 Words   |  7 Pagesunattainable without genetic markers. In everyone there are certain markers that can allow a geneticist to determine a person’s medical future, certain medicines work with some genetic markers and not with others. Many genes are linked to certain diseases and allow a geneticist to possibly prevent diseases. A genetic marker is a DNA sequence with a known specific location on the chromosome, they can be a great indicator for genetic disorders and any other hereditary diseases. Genetic markers are alsoRead MoreMedical Journal Article: Addictions as Real Physical Disease1838 Words   |  7 PagesCharlie Van Houten HIS 240 Spring 2012 The definition of what constitutes a real disease is not as clear cut as one might think. One major area of concern has been the debate between those that believe that the conceptualization of a disease should be free from social influences/values versus those that state that the criteria use to define a disease, especially psychiatric disease like addiction, are a result of social definitions/values (e.g., Szasz, 2008). In general, most health professionalsRead MoreAlcoholism Addiction And An Addiction Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol. There are some organizations and people out there that would combat that widely accepted thought, and consider it a disease over an addiction. What is the difference between a disease and an addiction? To determine the appropriate label, both definitions and the actions that give them that specific definition must be examined. There is a line that separates what is a disease and what is an addiction and there are many different forms of each. Alcoholism is one that is categorized as both, butRead MoreAnti Sense Therapy ( Lnp ) Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology for the treatment of Huntington’s disease and spinal muscular atrophy. The most recently accepted application of Nusinersen, an anti-sense oligonucleotide drug for spinal muscular atrophy by US FDA and EMA and many candidates in late stage clinical trials proves the viability and glory of these candidates as potential drugs for treatment of rare diseases and conditions that need more targeted approach. 2) Anti-Sense Therapy: a) Definition: Anti-sense therapy involves the use of antisenseRead MoreThe Genetic Inheritance And Discovery Of Rheumatoid Arthritis1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Genetic Inheritance and Discovery of Rheumatoid Arthritis Abigail L. Atkinson B7 Biology 5/22/17  Finding the cause of arthritis is important because 31 million people in the United States of America are affected. The definite cause is still unknown, but in this paper recent scientific studies regarding rheumatoid arthritis will be discussed and explained. Rheumatoid arthritis a serious, crippling disease that comes in many forms. Many people have heard of arthritis, but don’t know exactlyRead More Race: An Evaluation of Science Against Society Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesissue of incorrect usage, a new biological approach becomes more than appropriate. Genotype rather than phenotypic information ought to define race. In doing so, perhaps, the term race will better society by focusing on creating medicine based on genetic information to better treat each patient. The new scientific usage of race will be the only relevant use in our society. Biology contains the solution in which one can be saved from the social construction of race. The problem of race lies inRead MoreEssay On Being Cautious About Cancer758 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Disease is defined as a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment. Simplified, disease is when something goes wrong with the body of an organism due to either a genetic, or external situation. When it comes to disease, genetics is one of the mostRead MoreHuman Genetic Engineering is Morally Justified Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative—Human Genetic Engineering is Morally Justified When they are finally attempted†¦genetic manipulations will†¦be done to change a death sentence into a life verdict. In agreeing with this quote by James D. Watson, director of the Human Genome Project, I affirm today’s resolution, Human genetic engineering is morally justified. I will now present a few definitions. Human genetic engineering is the altering, removal, or addition of genes through genetic processes. Moral is pertainingRead MoreUnit Title: Biochemistry Of Nucleic Acids.(A.C. 5.1 And1583 Words   |  7 Pagessuch if the signals are missing, cells replicate excessively and mutate, forming a tumour, and later, a primary cancer (American cancer society 2014). Figure 1.1. Mutation of the DNA leads to severe diseases such as cancer. (Midhath 2012) Mutation are abnormal changes in the DNA of a gene (Figure 1.1 above) (Midhath 2012). The building block of DNA are called sequences of bases, which determine the gene and its functions (American Cancer Society

Cost Accounting Terminologies, Purpose of Cost...

Part 1- Conceptual Framework Cost Accounting Cost accounting, as a tool of management, provides management with detailed records of the costs relating to products, operations or functions. Cost accounting refers to the process of determining and accumulating the cost of some particular product or activity. It also covers classification, analysis and interpretation of costs. The cost so determined and accumulated may be the estimated future costs for planning purposes, or actual (historical) costs for evaluating performance. The Institute of Cost and Management Accountant (ICMA), London, defined cost accounting as â€Å"the process of accounting for cost from the point at which expenditure incurred or committed to the establishment of its†¦show more content†¦a) Performance measurement: This measurement can be done by comparing current costs with those who were expected - or standard costs budgeted cost - to the degree of knowing which of them have been controlled. Deviations of expected with the current - variances - can be identified, evaluated and discussed by managers. b) Cost of goods and services: In manufacturing companies, the costs of goods must be measured to determine the cost of items transferred from work in process inventory to finished products. To meet the demands for information, a cost system should measure all the costs of manufacturing process and allocate a portion of those costs to each unit of output. The cost to obtain, maintain and manage the manufacturing plant or building should be added to the cost of material and productive work that requires each unit. The first are called indirect costs and the two last are called direct costs. c) Profit analysis. Information in costs is essential to analyze the profits obtained from a product or product line. 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Brown and Howard define Standard Cost as a Pre-determinedRead MoreRole and Practices in Management Accounting Today3208 Words   |  13 Pages|ACC601: Managerial Accounting | | | | | |Role and Practices in Management Accounting Today | | | | Read MoreImpact of Environmental Accounting on Management Accounting7424 Words   |  30 PagesEnvironmental Accounting can be defined as: â€Å"The collection, analysis and assessment of environmental and financial performance data obtained from business management information systems, environmental management and financial accounting systems. 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Internal Control and Accounting Systems (ICAS) requires you to write a 3500-4000 word report to show your knowledge of internal controls andRead MorePersonal Finance and Financial Statements1801 Words   |  8 Pagesand compare the costs of different sources of finance P2.1 P2.2.explain the importance of financial planning P2.2 2.3. describe the information needs of different decision makers P2.3 2.4. Describe the impact of finance on the financial statements. P2.4 P3. Make financial decisions based on financial information P3.1- analyze budgets and make appropriate decisions P3.1 P3.2- calculate unit costs and make pricing decisions using relevant information P3.2

Starbuck’s Delivering Customer Service Free Essays

Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service Christine Day, Starbuck’s senior vice president of administration in North America, believes recent market research indicates customers are not satisfied with Starbuck’s customer service. To address this concern, she is proposing to invest $40 million to increase store hours in order to reduce customer wait times. Day believes there is a direct correlation between customer wait times and their overall satisfaction with service. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbuck’s: Delivering Customer Service or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starbucks has implemented a â€Å"secret shopper† program in order to spot check stores on their service, cleanliness, product quality and average wait times.The goal for average customer wait time is 3 minutes. The secret shopper scores for the past 5 quarters have shown a negative correlation between customer service and average wait time (exhibit 1). As average customer wait time decreases, the average secret shopper scores increase. In response, Day feels that adding an additional 20 hours to each of the 4500 North American Stores will reduce the customer’s wait time and in turn, increase their overall customer satisfaction scores. Day’s plan will have the largest impact on the following three major stakeholders: shareholders, employees/partners and customers.Starbuck’s shareholders are primarily interested in the plan’s impact on retained earnings and long term growth. Investing an additional $40 million dollars will reduce the shareholder’s short term earnings. Investors who were looking forward to larger dividend checks would be disappointed, but investors who were interested in the long term growth of their portfolio may support Day’s plan if she could show how this investment would positively impact customer’s loyalty and improve the company’s future profit potential. Assuming the partners were looking for additional hours, this plan would be viewed favorably by store baristas and employees.During peak periods of business, they would have another employee to help share the workload and it could reduce the stress of â€Å"rush hour† on each individual partner. The popularity of this plan would be different depending on each store’s location, layout and manning. Stores with insufficient work flows could create or enlarge bottlenecks and the additional manpower may actually increase wait times. On the other hand, stores who have a hard time recruiting employees may not want to burden their existing overworked employees with an additional increase in hours.In some stores, partners would prefer to reduce the quantity and complexity of available drinks instead of increasing available hours. Starbucks is known for innovative and seasonal drinks and over the years, the knowledge requirement for baristas has dramatically increased. Baristas are constantly challenged to learn more complex drinks and still perform to the 3 minute metric. Reducing the number of drinks offered may be an appropriate solution if there is evidence to show that there are a number of very unpopular drinks, but we do not have any current sales or market data to support those decisions.Additional research needs to be performed in order to assess this option. Customers visit Starbucks for a variety of reasons and those who value short wait times may approve of the new manning plan if indeed it results in shorter wait times. Customers who visit Starbucks for the quality of their coffee or the inviting environment may not increase the frequency of their visits because of a shorter wait time. Customers who value the intimacy and personal attention their local Starbucks provides may actually disapprove of the plan to increase manning if it interrupts their established relationship with their trusty barista.In 2002, Starbucks surveyed their customers to find out what store qualities they attribute to customer satisfaction. The top 6 of these responses referred to the actual store, relationship with the staff and product quality. Wait time was ranked 7th on the list (exhibit 2). This survey suggests that investing $40 million to decrease the wait time might not have the desired impact on customer satisfaction. There is an inherent issue with self reported customer surveys that may have influenced these findings. Customers may not realize what influences their opinions and what constitutes good customer service.What they think they value and what they actually use to make purchasing decisions may be different. In addition, each customer will have their own bias when rating customer service because they all value different experiences and relationships with their local Starbucks. If you look at the secret shopper findings and the self reported customer service surveys jointly, you could devise that customers may give higher cleanliness, service and product quality scores if their wait time is shorter regardless of the store’s actual level of cleanliness, service and product quality.The shorter wait time may have influenced the customer’s opinion on the other store attributes. Another measure of customer service besides secret shoppers and customer surveys is the number of repe at customers. Customers vote with their feet and if they continue to patron Starbuck’s stores, they are voting that they are satisfied customers. In exhibit 8 of the Starbucks case, it is reported that in 2002, 73% of Starbucks customers have been visiting Starbucks for over a year. Only 23% of customers were new that year. This report suggests Starbucks has done a good job at reducing customer churn and they are already satisfying their customers.A common error when trying to measure and improve customer satisfaction is using quantitative metrics. Customer service is a qualitative experience that is very subjective for each individual. Trying to influence someone’s overall customer satisfaction by improving only one quantitative metric may not give you the intended impact to your overall customer satisfaction scores. Day needs to understand the limitations with her single metric plan and realize that she needs to address all aspects of customer service for an overall improvement.In order to understand the variety and complexity of the issues impacting their 4500 stores, Day needs to engage the store managers to fully understand what each store needs to improve customer service. Increasing available hours may help some stores while others may need new equipment or a re-designed work space. Day’s plan to uniformly increase labor hours over-simplifies the potential needs of the individual stores. Empowering the managers would encourage individual ownership and commitment. The manager’s guidance would ensure Day allocated the $40 million most ffectively to not only reduce customer wait times but to increase overall customer service. During this process, Day may find out managers are frustrated with Starbuck’s aggressive growth. In metropolitan areas, growth has led to cannibalization of customers which undermines the manager’s efforts to increase customer loyalty. Quality customer service is an individual experience that requires a personal interaction between customers and employees. It is more difficult to create a lasting experience and relationship if customers are constantly changing from store to store.Manager’s will lose their motivation to encourage these relationships if they feel another Starbucks will open nearby and steal away the loyal customer base they have worked to create. Starbuck’s value proposition to their customers concentrate on three goals: quality coffee, excellent service and an inviting atmosphere. These three attributes are focused on building customer loyalty. Starbuck’s loyal customers (8 or more visits a month) account for 62% of their revenue. This group of established customers value high quality coffee and Starbuck’s meets this need through mass customization.Starbucks gives customers the ability to specialize their drinks to fit their individual tastes in order to create customer loyalty. This evidence suggests that Starbucks needs to continue to allow for individual drink customization in order to increase customer loyalty even though it may increase their average wait time above their three minute goal. Loyal customers are their largest source of revenue and if their perceived value is centered on quality coffee, they would not want to risk losing this source of steady revenue.Starbucks lacks a strategic marketing group who is responsible for managing their overall marketing plans, promotions and research. Marketing was internally viewed as the responsibility of all senior executives, but as their corporation continued to rapidly grow, the executives could not keep up with their primary responsibilities and ef fectively contribute to the strategic marketing plan. As a result, Day states â€Å"We’ve been operating with the assumption that we do customer service well. But the reality is we’ve started to lose sight of the consumer. In addition, Day admits â€Å"we tend to be great at measuring things, at collecting market data, but we are not very disciplined when it comes to using this data to drive decision making. † Both of these statements validate the concern that Starbucks needs to hire a senior executive who will make marketing their chief responsibility. They need a central department who will integrate their market research with top level decision making, and manage promotions, such as frequency programs, so they are using their resources in the most effective way to increase customer loyalty.The marketing department should not only collect data from their own customers, but they should consider hiring a marketing firm in order to ensure they are collecting unbiased information about themselves and their competitors. Using research on their competitors will allow Starbucks to have a more comprehensive view on their industry and growing trends or concerns from their available customer base. This will also give them the information they need in order to attract new customers from other competitors. Day’s preliminary research shows more resources need to be given to accurately capture their customer’s interests to ensure they are meeting high standards of customer service to create and keep loyal customers. Her original plan to invest $40 million to increase labor hours is not the most effective use of resources because each individual store’s needs are unknown. Quality customer service cannot be achieved by concentrating on a single quantitative metric. Customer service is a personal, qualitative experience only the individual store managers can gauge and deliver.Day needs to work with store managers and a marketing department to formulate a more comprehensive plan to measure and improve customer service. EXHIBIT 1 The AVG line is the average of the secret shopper scores for Service, Cleanliness and Product Quality. The compiled average increases as the average customer wait time decreases. EXHIBIT 2 These are the top 7 attributes grouped by category reported in Starbuck’s 2002 self-reported customer survey. Store Attributes, relationship with staff, product quality were all reported to have a higher impact on customer satisfaction than wait time. How to cite Starbuck’s: Delivering Customer Service, Papers